April 14- Chapter 22 (1087-1119): The end of empire

April 14- Chapter 22 (1087-1119): The end of empire

In 1900, the European colonial empires that were in Africa (and parts of Asia) were seen as permanent features of the world's political landscape. The powers were gone before the the end of the twentieth century. The effect was there. It interrupted a lot. The end of the empire was associated with the mobilization of the masses around a nationalist ideology... and generated a plethora of nation-states, each claiming an equal stand.
The twentieth century saw the demise of a lot of empires. Empires collapsed. For example, right after the first big war, the Austrian and Ottoman empire collapsed. After the second world was, the German and Japanese empires collapsed. Empires started to collapse and people form the Africa/ Asia started to move for independence.
People seemed to rule themselves... the idea of "the only legitimate government is a national self-governemt".
Social and economic circumstances within the colonies themselves generated the human raw material for anti colonial movements.
The struggles for independence were not cohesive movements uniformly oppressed individuals. The alliances were week, those that represented different classes/ groups. There was a big goal: independence. But many struggled with deciding who wasting to lead? what ideologies? power? etc..

India:
Ruled by the British. Gandhi rose into that leadership position. He promoted a non violent revolution.  The colonial India became independent in the year 1947. It was divided up into two countries. Muslim Pakistan was split. This was pretty harsh and caused violence; "a million people or more died in the communal violence that accompanied partition, and some 12m refugees moved from one country to the other to join their religious compatriots" (1097).

South Africa:
Ended Apartheid.
This one was very different form the one form India.
South Africa, by the early twentieth century had developed a mature industrial economy.