Chapter 23 1137-1171, visual sources 1182-87

During the 20th century, there was a growing dense web of: political relationships, economic transactions, and cultural influences. These cut across the world's many peoples, countries, and regions, mining them together more tightly, but also more contentiously. This process of accelerating engagement among distant peoples was recognized as globalization.

When people talk about globalization, they usually think that it has to do with immense acceleration in international economic transactions that took place in the second half of the twentieth century and continued into the twenty first. There is a common though that this process is inevitable an natural. Even with the world wars, great depressions/ recession, favoring high tariffs and economic autonomy in the face of a global economic collapse.

After the second world war, the capitalist victors were determined to avoid any return to such depression/ recession era conditions. Conferences were made where there were laid foundations for postwar globalization. There was also technology that contributed to the growth of economic globalization. 

The kind of economic globalization that was growing in the 1970s and after was known as neoliberalism. There were huge capitalist countries that abandoned many earlier political controls on economic activity as their leaders and businesspeople increasingly viewed the entire world as a single market. 

A reglobalization of the world economy followed the contractions of the 1930's. This was a huge process that accelerated the flow of goods, capital, and people. There was a huge increase of world trade. It went from a value of "57 billion in 1947 to about 16 trillion in 2009"(1140). Many departments around the world had plenty to sell, plenty to buy.  Money and goods achieved and amazing global mobility in a few ways. There was a foreign direct investment. There was short movement of capital in which investors annually spent trillions of dollars purchasing foreign currencies or stocks likely to increase in value and often sold them quickly thereafter, with unsettling consequences. There was also, and finally, money movement involved in the personal funds of individuals.

There was huge debate and controversy as an impact from tightening economic links. 

"On a global level, total world output grew from a value $7 trillion in 1950 to $73 trillion in 2009 and on a per capita basis from $2,652 to $10,728"

Globalization and an American empire:

The "American Empire" faced globalization but many have disagreed about how best to describe the US' role on the post war.

The US' global presence can be seen as this kind of "informal empire". This would be similar to the Europeans exercised in places like China or the Middle East during the 19th century. 

The "collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the cold war by the early 1990s, US, military dominance was unchecked by any equivalent power"(1147). 

Feminism:

Visual sources:

One visual source showed that globalization offered employment opportunities. This would be for people in developing countries and non developed. 

Note that "companies in wealthier countries have often found it advantageous to build such facilities in places where labor is less expensiceor environmental regulations are less restrictive". This is good for them because it generates much more profit. This was on page 1183. 

There  was also a great visual source on page 1186: "FREE to exploit people and nature TRADE". It was taken in 2000 an reflecting the aspects of the globalization process. I think this one links to the visual source I talked from above. Very powerful. 

April 14- Chapter 22 (1087-1119): The end of empire

April 14- Chapter 22 (1087-1119): The end of empire

In 1900, the European colonial empires that were in Africa (and parts of Asia) were seen as permanent features of the world's political landscape. The powers were gone before the the end of the twentieth century. The effect was there. It interrupted a lot. The end of the empire was associated with the mobilization of the masses around a nationalist ideology... and generated a plethora of nation-states, each claiming an equal stand.
The twentieth century saw the demise of a lot of empires. Empires collapsed. For example, right after the first big war, the Austrian and Ottoman empire collapsed. After the second world was, the German and Japanese empires collapsed. Empires started to collapse and people form the Africa/ Asia started to move for independence.
People seemed to rule themselves... the idea of "the only legitimate government is a national self-governemt".
Social and economic circumstances within the colonies themselves generated the human raw material for anti colonial movements.
The struggles for independence were not cohesive movements uniformly oppressed individuals. The alliances were week, those that represented different classes/ groups. There was a big goal: independence. But many struggled with deciding who wasting to lead? what ideologies? power? etc..

India:
Ruled by the British. Gandhi rose into that leadership position. He promoted a non violent revolution.  The colonial India became independent in the year 1947. It was divided up into two countries. Muslim Pakistan was split. This was pretty harsh and caused violence; "a million people or more died in the communal violence that accompanied partition, and some 12m refugees moved from one country to the other to join their religious compatriots" (1097).

South Africa:
Ended Apartheid.
This one was very different form the one form India.
South Africa, by the early twentieth century had developed a mature industrial economy.

April 5th: The two world wars and the crisis of Europe 20th century primary sources Pages 973-1017; documents on pages 1018-1033, choose one

April 5th: The two world wars and the crisis of Europe 20th century primary sources 
Pages 973-1017; documents on pages 1018-1033, choose one 

The 20th century:
Breaking up time into ordered segments is the way historians mark major things from the past. There was a new human journey that began in 1914. The big WW1. This terrible conflict was a spark to much more conflict. After this huge war, a lot followed like the experiment Hitler had, countries coming together or fighting against each other, and the atomic bombs, cold war, etc.. A lot happened in the twentieth century. Many wars and conflict. Also, slavery lost its international acceptance in this century. Global population increased and the industrial output grew fortyfold. 

The first world war:
Since the 1500s, Europe had been a huge power. It was well advanced with the help of the scientific revolution and it had a lot of power due to much of its territory. But centuries after, this power shattered. The first world war. The spark of this was was kind of like an accident. There were a lot of alliances that made the continent pretty vulnerable. So what started WWI? the assassination of Franz Ferdinand was definitely the spark. The murdur of the archduke of Austria-Hungary. The aftermath brought some social and cultural changes. This echoed loudly around the world. 
There was the trench warfare and a lot of things derived from that.
There Colonial structures and the alliances were a huge boost for WWI to happen. 

The great depression:
After having those glamorous 1920's... spending, spending, spending and having new money come in there was a big break in America. Around 1929 America faced a great depression. This recession "generated profound anxiety and threatened the livelihood of both industrial workers and those who had gained a modest toehold in the middle class"(990). The flaws of capitalism definitely showed here. How did this affect the people? The rich had to contract "stock prices that wiped out paper fortunes almost overnight"(990). A lot of banks closed, people lost savings, world trade dropped and many businesses were not able to sell. The unemployment dropped and there was a huge economic disaster. The US then brought up all these reforms. There was some experimenting being done so the economy of the US flourished. The US did not want to have any interactions with other countries because they were going through so much themselves. 
The after math of the great depression was that there was a social safety net. There was also a regulation of capitalism. We see that with what happened in 08/09. We have to implant a sense of ethics that corresponds to the national values. We need to make sure that that system is regulated and we do do so... we could do a better job too (since what happened about a decade ago). 

Between 1919- 1945 there was new political ideology in Europe: Fascism. Fascism was intensely nationalistic, seeking to revitalize and purify the nation and mobilize its people for some grand task. 
Lets talk about the faces of European Fascism. Mussolini thought that "fascism was resolutely anticommunist" he wrote, "fascism combats the whole complex system of democratic ideology and repudiates it"(996). The German's expression of European fascism was huge! It took shape as the Nazi Party under the leadership of the great Adolf Hitler. It was pretty similar to the Italian views. 
This section is important because we need to realize what fascism is and how we can see parallels forming now. For example, again, the Germans were imposing punishment and blaming Jews. We see this now... people blaming muslims. You can't just punish a country indefinitely or a group because it will bubble to the top and become even more violent. Now, we have so many people wanting to push groups of popped out, violence in rallies, etc.. This is a parallel to what happened in Germany. We look at Hitler now and we cannot believe people loved this monster so much. But its happening now. How many people don't praise Trump? This guy that is willing to pay fees for those that participate in violent acts.. This guy that wants to exclude muslims. This guy that wants to take out immigrants. This guy who thinks pretty poorly on women. I've never been so disappointed...I can't believe this is happening and people are showing so much hatred. It really goes to show that we haven't gotten far. Trump isn't a joke anymore. The more time that goes on, the more realistic it gets. He can be our next president. And that, that is pretty scary. 

The end of the first world war witnessed the fall of the German imperial government. Right after the WWI, Hitler and his party talked to a large group of scared individuals begging for change. The proclaimed a message of intense German nationalism cast in terms of racial superiority... hate towards Jews and may other individuals like: handicapped, homosexuals, etc.. This would tackle the economic problems they were facing. 

World war two:
The second world war occurred in the origins of Asia and Europe. It actually began in Asia before it got to Europe. Germany made big noise. As soon as there was that attack on Poland, it was war number 2.