Chapter 23 1137-1171, visual sources 1182-87

During the 20th century, there was a growing dense web of: political relationships, economic transactions, and cultural influences. These cut across the world's many peoples, countries, and regions, mining them together more tightly, but also more contentiously. This process of accelerating engagement among distant peoples was recognized as globalization.

When people talk about globalization, they usually think that it has to do with immense acceleration in international economic transactions that took place in the second half of the twentieth century and continued into the twenty first. There is a common though that this process is inevitable an natural. Even with the world wars, great depressions/ recession, favoring high tariffs and economic autonomy in the face of a global economic collapse.

After the second world war, the capitalist victors were determined to avoid any return to such depression/ recession era conditions. Conferences were made where there were laid foundations for postwar globalization. There was also technology that contributed to the growth of economic globalization. 

The kind of economic globalization that was growing in the 1970s and after was known as neoliberalism. There were huge capitalist countries that abandoned many earlier political controls on economic activity as their leaders and businesspeople increasingly viewed the entire world as a single market. 

A reglobalization of the world economy followed the contractions of the 1930's. This was a huge process that accelerated the flow of goods, capital, and people. There was a huge increase of world trade. It went from a value of "57 billion in 1947 to about 16 trillion in 2009"(1140). Many departments around the world had plenty to sell, plenty to buy.  Money and goods achieved and amazing global mobility in a few ways. There was a foreign direct investment. There was short movement of capital in which investors annually spent trillions of dollars purchasing foreign currencies or stocks likely to increase in value and often sold them quickly thereafter, with unsettling consequences. There was also, and finally, money movement involved in the personal funds of individuals.

There was huge debate and controversy as an impact from tightening economic links. 

"On a global level, total world output grew from a value $7 trillion in 1950 to $73 trillion in 2009 and on a per capita basis from $2,652 to $10,728"

Globalization and an American empire:

The "American Empire" faced globalization but many have disagreed about how best to describe the US' role on the post war.

The US' global presence can be seen as this kind of "informal empire". This would be similar to the Europeans exercised in places like China or the Middle East during the 19th century. 

The "collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the cold war by the early 1990s, US, military dominance was unchecked by any equivalent power"(1147). 

Feminism:

Visual sources:

One visual source showed that globalization offered employment opportunities. This would be for people in developing countries and non developed. 

Note that "companies in wealthier countries have often found it advantageous to build such facilities in places where labor is less expensiceor environmental regulations are less restrictive". This is good for them because it generates much more profit. This was on page 1183. 

There  was also a great visual source on page 1186: "FREE to exploit people and nature TRADE". It was taken in 2000 an reflecting the aspects of the globalization process. I think this one links to the visual source I talked from above. Very powerful. 

April 14- Chapter 22 (1087-1119): The end of empire

April 14- Chapter 22 (1087-1119): The end of empire

In 1900, the European colonial empires that were in Africa (and parts of Asia) were seen as permanent features of the world's political landscape. The powers were gone before the the end of the twentieth century. The effect was there. It interrupted a lot. The end of the empire was associated with the mobilization of the masses around a nationalist ideology... and generated a plethora of nation-states, each claiming an equal stand.
The twentieth century saw the demise of a lot of empires. Empires collapsed. For example, right after the first big war, the Austrian and Ottoman empire collapsed. After the second world was, the German and Japanese empires collapsed. Empires started to collapse and people form the Africa/ Asia started to move for independence.
People seemed to rule themselves... the idea of "the only legitimate government is a national self-governemt".
Social and economic circumstances within the colonies themselves generated the human raw material for anti colonial movements.
The struggles for independence were not cohesive movements uniformly oppressed individuals. The alliances were week, those that represented different classes/ groups. There was a big goal: independence. But many struggled with deciding who wasting to lead? what ideologies? power? etc..

India:
Ruled by the British. Gandhi rose into that leadership position. He promoted a non violent revolution.  The colonial India became independent in the year 1947. It was divided up into two countries. Muslim Pakistan was split. This was pretty harsh and caused violence; "a million people or more died in the communal violence that accompanied partition, and some 12m refugees moved from one country to the other to join their religious compatriots" (1097).

South Africa:
Ended Apartheid.
This one was very different form the one form India.
South Africa, by the early twentieth century had developed a mature industrial economy.

April 5th: The two world wars and the crisis of Europe 20th century primary sources Pages 973-1017; documents on pages 1018-1033, choose one

April 5th: The two world wars and the crisis of Europe 20th century primary sources 
Pages 973-1017; documents on pages 1018-1033, choose one 

The 20th century:
Breaking up time into ordered segments is the way historians mark major things from the past. There was a new human journey that began in 1914. The big WW1. This terrible conflict was a spark to much more conflict. After this huge war, a lot followed like the experiment Hitler had, countries coming together or fighting against each other, and the atomic bombs, cold war, etc.. A lot happened in the twentieth century. Many wars and conflict. Also, slavery lost its international acceptance in this century. Global population increased and the industrial output grew fortyfold. 

The first world war:
Since the 1500s, Europe had been a huge power. It was well advanced with the help of the scientific revolution and it had a lot of power due to much of its territory. But centuries after, this power shattered. The first world war. The spark of this was was kind of like an accident. There were a lot of alliances that made the continent pretty vulnerable. So what started WWI? the assassination of Franz Ferdinand was definitely the spark. The murdur of the archduke of Austria-Hungary. The aftermath brought some social and cultural changes. This echoed loudly around the world. 
There was the trench warfare and a lot of things derived from that.
There Colonial structures and the alliances were a huge boost for WWI to happen. 

The great depression:
After having those glamorous 1920's... spending, spending, spending and having new money come in there was a big break in America. Around 1929 America faced a great depression. This recession "generated profound anxiety and threatened the livelihood of both industrial workers and those who had gained a modest toehold in the middle class"(990). The flaws of capitalism definitely showed here. How did this affect the people? The rich had to contract "stock prices that wiped out paper fortunes almost overnight"(990). A lot of banks closed, people lost savings, world trade dropped and many businesses were not able to sell. The unemployment dropped and there was a huge economic disaster. The US then brought up all these reforms. There was some experimenting being done so the economy of the US flourished. The US did not want to have any interactions with other countries because they were going through so much themselves. 
The after math of the great depression was that there was a social safety net. There was also a regulation of capitalism. We see that with what happened in 08/09. We have to implant a sense of ethics that corresponds to the national values. We need to make sure that that system is regulated and we do do so... we could do a better job too (since what happened about a decade ago). 

Between 1919- 1945 there was new political ideology in Europe: Fascism. Fascism was intensely nationalistic, seeking to revitalize and purify the nation and mobilize its people for some grand task. 
Lets talk about the faces of European Fascism. Mussolini thought that "fascism was resolutely anticommunist" he wrote, "fascism combats the whole complex system of democratic ideology and repudiates it"(996). The German's expression of European fascism was huge! It took shape as the Nazi Party under the leadership of the great Adolf Hitler. It was pretty similar to the Italian views. 
This section is important because we need to realize what fascism is and how we can see parallels forming now. For example, again, the Germans were imposing punishment and blaming Jews. We see this now... people blaming muslims. You can't just punish a country indefinitely or a group because it will bubble to the top and become even more violent. Now, we have so many people wanting to push groups of popped out, violence in rallies, etc.. This is a parallel to what happened in Germany. We look at Hitler now and we cannot believe people loved this monster so much. But its happening now. How many people don't praise Trump? This guy that is willing to pay fees for those that participate in violent acts.. This guy that wants to exclude muslims. This guy that wants to take out immigrants. This guy who thinks pretty poorly on women. I've never been so disappointed...I can't believe this is happening and people are showing so much hatred. It really goes to show that we haven't gotten far. Trump isn't a joke anymore. The more time that goes on, the more realistic it gets. He can be our next president. And that, that is pretty scary. 

The end of the first world war witnessed the fall of the German imperial government. Right after the WWI, Hitler and his party talked to a large group of scared individuals begging for change. The proclaimed a message of intense German nationalism cast in terms of racial superiority... hate towards Jews and may other individuals like: handicapped, homosexuals, etc.. This would tackle the economic problems they were facing. 

World war two:
The second world war occurred in the origins of Asia and Europe. It actually began in Asia before it got to Europe. Germany made big noise. As soon as there was that attack on Poland, it was war number 2. 

Empires in collision pages 931-957 and documents

Empires in Collision
In 1793 the Chinese emperor Qianlong rejected British requests for open trade. But... by 1912 the the imperial state had collapsed "and the country had been transformed from a central presence in the global economy to a weak and dependent participant in a European dominated world system"(932). This means that Europe, Great Britain, was the major economic and political player. That's huge! What a turn around.
There was a lot of violence especially with peasants. There was corruption, harassment, and harsh treatment. Solider versus the tax payer. In the end, "European military pressure and economic penetration during the first half of the nineteenth century disrupted internal trade routes, created substantial unemployment and raised peasant taxes"(934). Wow, harsh much? I mean, it like they wanted to extract all goods from any place. In the reading, Strayer mentions how gangs rose from this and so did a lot of rebellion. Of course, the rebellion came from these peasants who were tired of the treatment they were receiving.
The Chinese authorities were not really passive in the face of their country's mounting crises, both internal and external.
In 1750, the Ottoman Empire was the central political fixture of widespread Islamic world. Just like in China, the Islamic world represents a really high and successful civilization that felt little need to learn from the "infidels"/ "barbarians" of the West.
Competition form cheap European manufactured goods hit the Ottoman artisans hard. It was convenient for them (the Europeans)... this again, led to riots. The riots were because of the protesting of these foreign imports.
Soon, the leaders of the Ottoman Empire saw many of the problems that were having and it was during the 19th century when there was an "increase in ambitious programs of 'defensive modernization'  that were earlier, more sustained and far from vigorous than the timid and half-hearted measures of self-strengthening in China" (944).
After reading the section on Japan, I want to say that Japan was more successful during the nineteenth century. This seems kind of unfair because there are a lot of things that come into play. Things like wealth, power, and certain events that happened.
One document that stood out the most was in page 962: A address to two hundred million countrywomen.
The document is written by a very powerful lady, Qiu Jin. She was very influential, liberal, and wanted a revolution. She came from a pretty wealthy family where she ha duh opportunity to have an education. What she basically wrote in her text was how unfair the lives of women were. The only way a woman would have a "good life" was is she was lucky enough to have one. If you had a nice dad or a nice husband, you were lucky. If you were beaten, it was your fault. If you are not, you were lucky and you should be thankful. A woman was meant to be pretty, that was their job and be submissive to the man.

Colonial Encounters in Asia and Africa

Colonial Encounters in Asia and Africa

Europe: They had new economic needs. They wanted people to buy new products because eindurstial production was much more efficient. They had a lot of stuff but what can you do with all the product if you have nobody to sell it to? They needed solutions so they turned to sell abroad. It was unethical. They sold to people who didn't really need their product and changed their entire economy. The thing was that they wanted to expand; they made more profit abroad rather than at home. Imperialism would lead to solving their problems. They took resources of other countries in order to get cheap resources, sell their products, and grow. Britain grew and spread across everywhere.
The english imperialist: Cecil Rhodes believed that, "the British Empire is a matter of bread and butter. If you wish to avoid civil war, then you must become imperialist"

British Empire is taking over everywhere. England is dominant but many wanted to get their hands on Africa. There's a cartoon on page 882 that shows an octopus whose tentacles are already attached to many countries, while other tentacle is about to grasp yet another colony, Egypt. This was created by America and it kinda shows how greedy Europe was and how they are not leaving much for others.

If you look at page 883, theres and image of European Racial Images... it was a picture about how Europeans viewed evolution. The idea of this image is that the white European man was the most evolved. They were superior. Others were "less developed". It says that race is everything and they used it as an excuse for rationalization ...to take care of the ones who were "inferior". It was an excuse to take territory and rights. Personally, this picture was one of the worst ones. Its disrespectful in so many ways and it shows so much ignorance. They are saying some humans are lesser than other humans. Thats a huge red flag! The result of that is that real policies that happen after this. For example: education... who deserves education? who doesn't? This image really gives is a graphical idea that the Europeans truly believed they were superior. I believe they would even try to prove it scientifically.

The second wave involved: Asia, Africa, and Australia (Australia was mostly an outlet though). The French and British were on the move. The European colonizers went as business men, administrators and then (most) left home. They went for a specific reason and then returned home. Because of this, there was borders being redrawn. These powers came in an divided up Africa. The countries didn't exist there before. They drew borders. This was a problem because the borders had nothing to do with the reality on ground: people were divided, people were brought together even though they had no things in common. The Europeans forced the people to work and if they did not work hard enough then they were severely punched. There is a picture on page 894 where there are two kids with arms being chopped off. Its sad and dehumanizing. The people couldn't do anything to protect their families since they were being controlled by an outside power. Later the Europeans then withdrew... this left the people living there skill-less.

*cash crop economy... market economies

Chapter 17

Strayer pages 827-862

The Industrial Revolution
The industrial revolution was a huge transition with these technological advances that pretty much created a new manufacturing process. This either destroyed or made up companies; "It was a breakthrough of unprecedented proportions that made available for human use, at least temporarily, immense greater quantities of energy" (828). These raw materials fed and fueled the industry machinery. This altered the landscape (and well if you look at us now, we are still impacting the environment today, although there are more regulations now).
So whats the big deal? These raw materials? Well, these raw materials were a huge source of energy that increased goods in services. If you have taken any economics courses, you know that this is a huge deal (well, I guess if you're a person with common sense you know this was a huge deal too). Anyways, so this industrial revolution had a lot of money coming in. It was spotted in Europe, in specific, Britain. There was this great breakthrough of the coal- fired steam engine which provided an inanimate and almost limitless source of power beyond wind, water or muscle (830). Followed there was steel production...the railroads, construction, food processing, etc.. It then spread from Britain to Western Europe... then the US, Russia and Japan. The Industrial Revolution made economies become more efficient.

So why in Europe? Well you have to keep in mind that Europeans have been described as creative and freedom loving creatures. Its easier to bring ideas to the table when those above you encourage it rather than discouraged because of religious beliefs. It began in Britain and it was unplanned and unexpected. Like I mentioned before, the British political life encouraged commercialization and economic innovation... and in a place like this, something like the industrial revolution was bound to happen.

Social Classes: As a result of the Industrial Revolution, the 98% broke up into new social classes. They were the entrepreneurs. New kinds of economies developed. There was a massive movement of people to the cities because of the job loss. The way people worked.. they were either owners or not owners and this was fundamentally changing.

Environment: The people going through the Industrial Revolution did not even think that bering these fossil fuels was bad and caused pollution; they had no idea. Now, its a big problem. It begins with pollution to ultimately the death of the planet, which people are concerned now. They were using non renewable energy.

Social Structures:
The social classes used to just be three groups. After the industrial revolution, there were new classes forming.
Those who benefited more from this revolution were the middle class. It contained a wealthy factory and mine owners, bankers, and merchants. By the end of the century, the growing segment  of the middle class represented 20% of the population. Many opportunities opened up.
The laboring classes were shaped by the new working conditions of the industrial era. The living conditions were not the best: "vastly overcrowded and smoky, wit wholly inadequate sanitation, periodic epidemics, endless row houses and warehouses, few public services or open spaces and inadequate and often polluted water supplies"(839)

Summary: The industrial Revolution was important because of the technological advances. During this time, there was the creation of a new manufacturing process. Machines replaced many workers an they got pushed into the cities in search for jobs.
How did people respond? It depends on the group. There were protests because of this new change. Not everyone was satisfied with capitalism; they felt capitalism had a few problems. There were new economic systems coming to exist.

Echoes of the Atlantic Revolution Chapter 16

Strayer, pages 798-811 and documents 812-825


The abolition of slavery
During the time of 1780 to 1890, slavery lost its legitimacy and ended in a lot of places around the world, if not all.
Note, that the enlightenment thinkers believed that slavery was an act that violated the rights of man, It was "repugnant to our religion"and a "crime in the sight of God". Soon the whole slavery thing became "out of date". It was understood that this act of holding someone's life was "not only morally wrong and economically inefficient, but also politically unwise". The Haitian Revolution was a great spark that made many realize slavery should be abolished.
I know this to us seems like common sense. But to people that have been born with the idea of slavery their entire life, its pretty huge. This made a huge mark on our history. We should also keep in mind that just because there was the abolition of slavery, not much changed as soon as that happened. There was a lot of racism where they made their lives pretty much impossible. Yeah, we can agree they were "free"on paper... but how free were they? Could they vote without feeling any pressure or uncomfortable? Did they have that political equality? No, there was a lot of racism and segregation (this was a huge disadvantage because the same opportunities were not given to these ex slaves or family from these ex slaves).

Nations and Nationalism
In addition to this end of slaver, the idea of humankind was divided into separate nations. Every single one of these carried different beliefs, a different culture. Governments of the Western part of the world claimed to act now on behalf of their nations and installed national loyalties in their citizens through schools, public rituals, mass media, and military service (803). Nationalism took a lot of political ideologies.

Feminist Begins
Soon after there was a uprising of the feminist movement. Slaves have now gotten up the ladder of this "equality" thing everyone wanted. What about us women? Again here, the enlightenment thinkers challenged this inferiority the women held. But there were different groups of women. Some women wanted to be free from the household and go to work or have an education. Some women wanted to help their family or their country become better. Those who wanted to free themselves from the household were seen as selfish since they were willing to sacrifice their family.
But this made sense, of course women would want to be seen as someone. They were tired of being that stay in home mom. You know what men thought? That having women do all these duties would cause them to have too much stress and this would eventually affect their reproductive health. Is that not crazy? I know. Pretty insane.

Founders week

This week was founders week! It was a great week to really get involved with our community here at NDNU and to talk to the sisters. I love love love these kind of events. I really wish I could come to more but its hard with commuting and work. Anyways, I did get to talk to a few sisters on the province center. We ate some great sweets and talked about life basically haha. I thought it was cute. I m really bad with names but I met two sisters (we sat on the same table) and I was amazed at how much we actually had in common... I was also amazed at how much they really liked talking to us. Not going to lie, sitting through traffic, coming to NDNU, I wasn't really excited. What could I have in common with the sisters? I thought it was going to be awkward and I was just going to be there hearing stores. No. They made me feel so welcomed! They talked to me about some of their experiences and fun adventures. Great time. 

Never underestimate a sister, you will have a great time!

Strayer, Introduction to Part 5 & Chapter 16 pages 781-797

Strayer, Introduction to Part 5 & Chapter 16 pages 781-797

This section covered the atlantic revolutions. The big European powers: Britain, France, and Spain were the big bad boys. They all dealt with conflicts from the land they were controlling. These atlantic revolutions were very closely connected to each other. They had common ideas; "the ideas that animated the Atlantic revolutions derived from the European Enlightenment and were shared across the ocean in newspapers, books, and pamphlets"(783). The revolutions were common in some ways but also very different... they were triggered by different circumstances. In the North American Revolution, the people form North America wanted to free themselves from the ruling go the British. Reading on the French Revolution though...it seemed to be much more violent. I remember learning about this in high school as well. Very bloody. Then there was the Haitian Revolution and the Spanish American Revolutions where like in many revolutions, there was exclusion and oppression. All this fight against slavery and justice was huge. 

Blog: Reading due February 4th Strayer, Chapter 15 (740-752)

Blog: Reading due February 4^th

Strayer, Chapter 15 (740-752)

                                                                 

Chapter 15 talked about the birth of Modern Science. I loved reading about it by the way. During this time, around the sixteenth century, people still believed in the spread of Christianity. But something new was also becoming pretty popular: science. Yeah, the scientific revolution took place between the mid-sixteenth century and early eighteenth centuries. I liked how there was a switch from the bible to science… things like experiments, observations, and studies started happening. Now, it wasn’t the bible that answered all the questions. This happened in Europe. Why Europe? Its funny because I was talking to my dad about this earlier in the month. Why did all these things happen in Europe? Well, because in other parts of the world, there was still that belief that the bible, God’s words/ teachings were the way to live by (like the Quran); “May God protect us from useless knowledge” (741).   

The chapter talks about the scientific revolution challenging or changing the ways (beliefs) of the church (in a way). The revolution also had people question everything else, it challenged the understanding people had of the universe. Thus, the revolution, in the long run, became accepted globally.

Personally, I believe this was huge. I think the reason the developed countries are at a bigger advantage is because they allowed this “question the church” or “challenge the church”. Now, I’m sure this was not easy for Europe. But it was definitely easier for men to put out their science work rather that people from Islam. Because of science and the challenge with the church beliefs, education started trending. There were universities and students could study things besides what the church authorities told them.

Hey hey hey